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In 1998 Wilhelm konard  Roentgn discovered  X-rays while working with a discharge tube. he found that when the pressure in the discharge tube was reduced to about  10^-3 mm of hg and the electric discharge was passed between anode and cathode the glass wall of the discharge tube behind the cathode began to grow with greenish yellow co lure. He also observed that a surface coated with barium platitudinous placed outside the discharge tube emitted light even when it was shielded from the direct visible and ultraviolet light emitted by the discharge tube .After performing a serious of experiment, Roentgen conclude that highly penetrating radiation of unknown nature are produced When a beam of fast moving electron strikes on a solid target such as tungsten he named these radiation as X-rays.

PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

When fast moving electron strikes on a very hard target of high atomics number, e.g., platinum, tungsten, molybdenum. X-rays are produced. Dr. William collide in 1913 designed a tube for the production of X-rays .this tube is also known as collide tube or modern X-rays tube. The X-rays tube after his name it is known as collide X-rays tube. A collide tube consist of glass tube G exhausted to nearly perfect vacuum of about 10^-5mm of mercury provided with cathode and the target T. the cathode consist of tungsten filament  heated by low tension battery .the filaments is placed inside a metal cup c, to focus  the electron on to the target . the target made of a metal like tungsten or molybdenum having a high melting point and atomics weight held an angle 45^0   to the horizontal. The target held by a copper rod is projected outside the X-ray tube. the anode is connected to the positive and cathode to the negative terminals of a high tension battery .

WORKING

The filament F is heated by passing a suitable current through it. The electrons emitted from the filament are focused at a point on the target with the help of a metal cup C. On account of the extremely high potential difference between the cathode and the anode .the electron arrived at the target with high speed of the electron can be further increases by increasing the acceleration voltage. On strike the anode the electron are stopped .nearly 98%of the energy of the incident electron is converted in to heat .the remaining  energy appears in the form of x-rays. However intense heat is produces which melt the target .therefore the target must be cooled to remove the heat generated in it by continues electron bombardment. The usual method is to mount the target material hollow copper tube through which cold water is continuously circulated.

CONTROL OF INTENSITY

Control of intensity .the intensity of x-rays depends up on the number of electron emitted from the filament. the depends  up on the electron current flowing through the filament .so by controlling the current with the help of rheostat we can control the intensity of X-rays .hence the intensity of X-rays
can be changed by adjusting the filament current.

NATURE OF X-RAYS

We know regard X-rays as wave alike to far above the ground wave but of much shorter wave length about 10-10mor 0.2nm .However the wave length of visible light is nearly 10^3 times more the then wave length of X-rays .while the wavelength of visible light rang from 4000A to 8000A the wave length of X-rays generally lies between 1 to 3A.since wave is inversely  proportional to frequency , therefore the frequency of X-rays nearly 10^3 times more the  frequency of visible light.  Again since the energy of a photon is proportional to frequency .therefore X-rays photon are much stronger then the photon of visible light. There is no worldwide agreement for a definition unique between X-rays and gamma rays. One common do is to differentiate between the two types of radiation base on their source: X-rays are emitted by electrons, while gamma rays are emit by the atomic nucleus. This definition has some problems  other process also can generate these high energy photons, or from time to time the method of generation is not known. One common alternative is to distinguish X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength (with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10⁻¹²m defined as gamma radiation. This decisive factor assigns a photon to an unmistakable category, but is only possible if wavelength is known. However, these two definition often coincide since the electromagnetic emission emitted by X-ray tubes usually has a longer wavelength and lower photon energy than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei infrequently one term or the other is used in exact contexts due to historical precedent, based on dimension technique, or based on their future use rather than their wavelength or source. Thus, gamma-rays generate for medical and industrial uses,